Vitalik Buterin, co-founder of Ethereum, argues that the network has fundamentally overcome the blockchain 'impossible trinity' – a long-standing challenge in the industry where no system has been able to achieve decentralization, security, and scalability at scale. According to him, recent technical upgrades have brought Ethereum to a completely different stage, no longer minor improvements but a fundamental architectural transformation.
Vitalik emphasized that with PeerDAS enabled on the mainnet from the end of 2025 and zkEVM expected to begin partial deployment from 2026, Ethereum has for the first time achieved a combination of decentralization, strong consensus, and high bandwidth. He stated that zkEVM has now achieved performance standards suitable for production environments, while the remaining work mainly revolves around security issues. PeerDAS, a central Shard of the Fusaka upgrade, allows nodes to verify data without loading the entire load, thereby drastically reducing hardware requirements and paving the way for Ethereum to scale data capacity while maintaining decentralization.
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Putting Ethereum into historical context, Vitalik compares it to BitTorrent – highly decentralized but lacking consensus – and Bitcoin, which boasts high security but low throughput because every node must handle all the data. Even many next-generation blockchains trade decentralization for speed. Ethereum takes a different approach by separating the three layers of data availability, execution, and validation, allowing the system to scale without compromising its security foundation.
According to technical estimates, PeerDAS could help Ethereum reach throughput of tens of thousands of transactions per second in the next few years, while zkEVM handles the Off-Chain execution and only brings zero-knowledge proofs to the Primary Network for verification. Vitalik believes that zkEVM will need more time to mature and will only become the mainstream validation method by the end of this decade.
