Here is the English translation:
This transformation not only enhances user experience but also opens up infinite possibilities for developers.
**Author:** Jason Cui, imToken
**Cover:** Photo by Shubham's Web3 on Unsplash
On April 9, 2025, ETHAsia, jointly initiated by Wanxiang Blockchain Laboratory, HashKey Group, SNZ Holding, DRK Lab, ETHPanda, Altlayer, and Blockchain Builders Fund, was held during the "Hong Kong Web3 Carnival". Jason Cui, a technical researcher from imToken Labs, gave a keynote speech about account abstraction during the event, and the following is a transcript:
Hello everyone, I'm Jason Cui from imToken Labs. I'm delighted to share with you how account abstraction unlocks new application scenarios today.
Today's sharing is divided into four parts: First, I will explain what account abstraction is; then, we will explore how it reshapes blockchain interactions through its three core modules - **verification abstraction, execution abstraction, and fee abstraction**.
Blockchain accounts are bridges between users and the blockchain, answering three key questions:
- Who can use this account? - This is the verification logic
- What can the account do? - This is the execution logic
- How to pay transaction fees? - This is the fee logic
The limitations of traditional external accounts (EOA) are obvious: they rely on fixed ECDSA signature verification, can only directly trigger a single method of a single contract, and must prepay gas fees in ETH.
Account abstraction breaks these limitations, giving accounts higher flexibility and programmability:
- Verification logic can be programmed: no longer limited to private key signatures.
- Execution logic can be expanded: supporting cross-contract, multi-method complex operations.
- Fee payment is more flexible: can be delayed, paid with non-native Tokens, or even completely free (fees sponsored by a third party).
This transformation not only enhances user experience but also opens up infinite possibilities for developers.
[The rest of the translation follows the same approach, maintaining the technical terminology and structure of the original text.]
Fee Abstraction
Fee abstraction makes fee payment methods more flexible and diverse, bringing many innovations:
- Pay-as-you-go: Fee payment is no longer limited to users themselves. Applications or sponsors can also bear the fees, and even dynamically adjust them based on user behavior and needs, providing customized payment solutions for different user groups.
- Non-native Token payment: Breaking through the traditional limitation of only paying fees with ETH, it supports paying gas fees with stablecoins (such as USDC) and other non-native Tokens. This change lowers the entry barrier for new users, reduces their learning costs for crypto asset knowledge, and allows more people to easily participate in blockchain transactions.
- Delayed payment: Changing the sequence of fee payment, allowing transactions to be completed first and fees settled later. For new users, this means they don't need to prepare ETH in advance; they can first obtain assets through a link and then use these assets to pay gas fees.
- Privacy protection: Currently, extracting funds from a privacy pool requires sending ETH to the target address in advance, which may expose user identity. With fee abstraction, users can first extract funds and then use part of the extracted assets to pay fees, thereby maintaining identity privacy.
These improvements make transaction fee payments more flexible while enhancing privacy and user experience.
Summary
Account abstraction is not just a technical upgrade, but a comprehensive reconstruction of blockchain interaction methods. Through verification, execution, and fee abstraction, it makes blockchain accounts more secure, flexible, and user-friendly, while providing developers with unlimited innovation space.
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