Editor's Note: Alpenglow is a brand-new consensus protocol launched by Solana, replacing the original TowerBFT and Proof-of-History mechanism. It introduces Votor and Rotor, optimizing voting and data propagation, significantly reducing latency to 100-150 milliseconds, and achieving second-level finality. The protocol enhances performance, resilience, and scalability, making Solana capable of response speeds comparable to Web2.

Following is the original content (slightly edited for readability):

We proudly introduce Alpenglow, Solana's new consensus protocol. Alpenglow is a consensus protocol tailored for global high-performance Proof-of-Stake block.ch. We believe that the release of Alpenglow will be a turning point for Solana. It is not just a new consensus mechanism, but the most significant transformation of the solcore protocol since since's creation.

During the migration to Alpenglow, we will bid farewell to a series of old core components, especially especially TowerBFT and Proof-of-History. We have introduced a new module called Votor, take over the voting of and block finalization logic. Additionally, Alpenglow abandons gossip-based communication and adopts a faster direct communication primitive.

Despite being a major transformation, Alpenglow is still built on Solana's greatest strengths. Turbine played a crucial role in Network success, solving the critical issue of data propagation. In traditional blockleaders are often the system's bottleneck.

The technology used by Turbine splits each block into many smaller fragments through erasure-coding and quickly propagates them. The key is that this process fully utilh of nodes. The data propagRotor in Alpenglow continues and optimizes Turbine's design philosophy.

Through these transformations, we push Solana's performance to unprecedented heights.. When using TowerBFT, it took about 12.8 seconds from block generation to finalization. To reduce latency to Sub-second levelsana introduced the concept of "optimistic confirmation".

Alpenglow will break these latency limitations. We anticipate that Alpenglow can reduce the actual finalization time to around 150 milliseconds (median).

In some cases, finalization can even be achieved within 100 milliseconds - a speed that is almost unbelievable for global L1 blockchain protocols. (These latency data are based on simulations of the current mainnet staking distribution, excluding computational overhead.)

A median latency of 150 milliseconds means not only that Faster - it means Solana's responsiveness can match Web2infrastructure, with the potential to make blockchain technology viable in new application domains requiring real-time performance.

The graph above shows the latency distribution of each stage of the alpProtocol when the leader is located in Zurich, Switzerland. We chose Zurich as an example because we were developing Alpenglow in this city.

Each bar shows the the average latency of current Solana nodes distributed globally, sorted by distance from Zurich.

The graph depicts the simulated latencies of network nodes reaching different stages of the Alpenglow protocol, corresponding to the proportion of network nodes that have reached that stage.

The green bars represent network latency. Based on the current Solana node distribution, about 65% of staked nodes have a network latency within 50 milliseconds from Zurich. However The latency tail is long, with some staked nodes having network latency over 200 milliseconds from Zurich.

Network latency forms a natural lower bound in our chart - for example,,, 100 millisfromeconds any protocol wants to complete block finalization on that node it will take at least 100 milliseconds.

The bars represent the latRotor (data propagine propag), which first stage of the Alpenglow protocol.

The red bars represent the time it takes for to notarization votes with at least 60% staking weight.

The blue bars are the final confirmation time.

So, where does Alpenglow's come from?

Alpenglow's component Votor implements an extremely efficient single-round voting mechanism: if 80% of staked nodes participate, nodes the block can in round; if only of of ofstaked nodes respond it, it can two rounds completed in two rounds. These two modes are integrated and executed in parallelelly, whichpathever is is faster will be used to finthealize the>

Alpenglow is built on the most cutting-edge research, combining erasure-coded data distribution with the latest consensus mechanism. innovations include integrated one--round/two bringing unprecedented block finalization lat. It also introduces a distinctive "20+20 fault tolerance mechanism": even under severe networkwork conditions, the still normallyating to % of malmalicious ststaked nodes and nodes and an additional of 20% of non-responsiveivnodes. Other contributions include a low-variance sampling sampling strategy.

We have written a complete technical white paper detailing Alpenglow. The white paper not only explains the intuition and goals behind our design but also uses concise definitions and pseudocode to explain the entire protocol. It also provides comprehensive correctness proofs and includes various simulationulated data and calculations to help readers understand Alpenglow's actual performance.

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