"This Irish tradition within British mercantilist writing may be compared with a rather similar Scots tradition, whose foremost exponent John Law has often been taken as Berkeley's immediate forerunner in the field of monetary theory"

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“英国重商主义著作中的这种爱尔兰传统可以与非常相似的苏格兰传统相比较，后者最杰出的代表人物约翰·劳经常被认为是贝克莱在货币理论领域的直接先驱。”

原创 | Odaily 星球日报（@OdailyChina）
作者｜Azuma（@azuma_eth）
2014 年，刚刚接触加密货币概念仅 1 年的 CZ 做出了人生中最具魄力的一笔投资 —— 卖掉了位于上海的公寓，以三位数的价格“梭哈”了约 1500 枚 BTC。12 年过去了，假如 CZ 从未卖过，这笔投资已可带来上亿美元的丰厚利润（峰值回报约 1.89 亿美元）。
相较于后续创立 Bina...

CZ错失人生最佳投资的那一天，Crypto错过了AI

杜拜媒体名人谢赫阿利亚透露，她已出售所有股票，以增加对Shiba Inu的投资。
此举是在加密货币市场持续反弹之后发生的…

杜拜投资者抛售所有XRP持仓，转而购买Shiba Inu

新闻要点

新加坡海湾银行推出虚拟账户，实现企业收款和资金管理操作的自动化。

COBO 和 POBO 功能允许使用结构化账户标识符……

新加坡海湾银行推出虚拟账户以减少支付延迟

"It was this perception of the implications of the distinction between a dependent and backward economy and those of England and Holland, where a substantial part of the population were already largely dependent on production for international trade that was the foundation of the Irish tradition in economic writing."

“正是这种对依附型和落后型经济体与英国和荷兰经济体之间区别的认识（在后两者中，相当一部分人口已经很大程度上依赖于国际贸易的生产），构成了爱尔兰经济写作传统的基础。”

"The call to increase the volume of monetary circulation in practice covered two demands which, with the growth of credit arrange ments, were now coming to be understood as distinct phenomena in a way that had not been so readily apparent in the seventeenth century. The first was the shortage of capital for productive activity, particularly for the small artisan and tradesman, and the second was the physical shortage of coin to service transactions and the impact which this had on price levels. That Ireland was short of coin in the 1720s and 1730s seems beyond question. No Irish silver money had been coined since the reign of James I in 1605 and though a small amount of copper halfpence and farthings had been issued in the later seventeenth century, the economy was largely dependent on English money and a wide variety of Continental coins, often of inferior quality. In order to keep such a currency system functioning even reasonably effectively, correct ratios had to be maintained between gold and silver, and between the precious metals and their nominal rating in pounds Irish"
"In arguing for a paper currency to supplement the circulation of gold and silver Berkeley was almost unique amongst the Irish writers of his day"

“增加货币流通量的呼吁实际上涵盖了两项需求，随着信贷安排的发展，这两项需求如今已逐渐被理解为截然不同的现象，而这在十七世纪并不那么显而易见。第一项需求是生产活动资金短缺，尤其是小型工匠和商人的资金短缺；第二项需求是用于交易的硬币数量不足，以及由此对物价水平造成的影响。爱尔兰在18世纪20年代和30年代硬币短缺这一点似乎毋庸置疑。自1605年詹姆斯一世统治时期以来，爱尔兰就没有铸造过银币。尽管在17世纪后期发行过少量铜制半便士和四分之一便士，但当时的经济在很大程度上依赖于英国货币和各种各样的欧洲大陆硬币，而这些硬币的质量往往较差。为了使这样的货币体系能够相对有效地运转，必须维持金银之间以及贵金属与其以爱尔兰镑计价的名义价值之间的正确比例。”

“在论证纸币的必要性时……”补充金银流通的做法，在当时的爱尔兰作家中几乎是独一无二的。

Berkeley's unique American experience that shaped his positive views on paper money

伯克利独特的美国经历塑造了他对纸币的积极看法。

Berkeley's alternative: "a self sustaining prosperity, made possible by a state-issued paper currency backed by land"

伯克利的替代方案是：“通过国家发行的、以土地为后盾的纸币，实现自我维持的繁荣”。

Berkeley's Recipe for National Wealth:
Print the money. Take care of your people. Develop industry.
The state should regulate the masses and the elites from spazzing out.

伯克利的国民财富秘诀：

印钞。照顾人民。发展工业。

国家应该监管民众和精英阶层，防止他们胡作非为。

"Here then the theoretical basis of the argument is complete: by creating paper-money the state transforms the needs and wants of individuals into effective demand proportionate to their labour product, which provides the stimulus of credit necessary to marry wants and industry within the closed economy"

“至此，该论证的理论基础就完整了：国家通过创造纸币，将个人的需求和欲望转化为与其劳动产出成比例的有效需求，从而提供必要的信贷刺激，使封闭经济中的欲望与产业相结合。”

"Berkeley's main emphasis is not on the inert function of the medium of exchange but rather the credit creating role of the circulating medium, the 'ticket entitling to power' of Q. 441. Since coin and paper-money are seen as tokens of the power over goods and services represented by money (Q. 475), the actual material of which the ticket is constituted is not of particular consequence"

“伯克利的主要关注点并非交换媒介的惰性功能，而是流通媒介的信用创造作用，即Q. 441中提到的‘赋予权力的凭证’。由于硬币和纸币被视为对货币所代表的商品和服务的权力的象征（Q. 475），因此凭证的实际材质并不特别重要。”

"Berkeley should therefore rightly be considered not so much as one who completely rejected mercantilist theory in its mature form as evolved in Britain in the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries but as an early proponent of the distinction between the economies of

因此，我们应该正确地将贝克莱视为早期提出经济与经济区别的倡导者，而不是完全否定十七世纪后期和十八世纪早期在英国发展成熟的重商主义理论的人。

Another interesting source from it
Basically about the development of this mercantilist / protectionist / developmentalist view on economics among the Anglo Irish Protestant elite who were getting uppity but then converging on the emergent Gaelic Irish Catholic intellectual

另一个有趣的来源

主要讲述了这种重商主义/保护主义/发展主义经济观点在盎格鲁-爱尔兰新教精英阶层中的发展历程。他们起初傲慢自大，但后来逐渐向新兴的盖尔爱尔兰天主教知识分子靠拢。