Ethereum successfully activated its 17th major upgrade Fusaka. Photo: Decrypt
Fusaka was successfully activated.
Ethereum officially deployed Fusaka , the network's 17th major upgrade, to mainnet at the beginning of epoch 411392, at approximately 04:50 AM today, December 4, 2025 (Vietnam time), and completed after approximately 15 minutes.
Fusaka is live on Ethereum mainnet!
— Ethereum (@ethereum) December 3, 2025
- PeerDAS now unlocks 8x data throughput for rollups
- UX improvements via the R1 curve & pre-confirmatons
- Prep for scaling the L1 with Gas Limit increase & more
Community members will continue to monitor for issues over the next 24 hrs.
Alongside improvements to user experience and scalability, Fusaka marks the beginning of a faster, more aggressive era of development for Ethereum, with the Hard Fork cycle accelerating twice per year.
Fusaka becomes the most extensive upgrade ever with 9 core Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) and 4 additional EIPs - surpassing even Pectra (11 EIPs) which was XEM very comprehensive when it launched in May 2025.
Most notable in Fusaka is PeerDAS - a new data mechanism that allows validators to verify only a portion of blob data instead of the entire thing, significantly reducing bandwidth requirements and operating costs. This is an infrastructure change that many analysts XEM as the biggest scaling lever for layer-2 in recent years.
According to some asset managers like VanEck, PeerDAS will lower data storage costs, help Rollup networks operate more efficiently, while improving processing speeds and reducing costs for end users.
Fusaka was activated just 7 months after Pectra - a much shorter period than the 12-month upgrade cycle that Ethereum has maintained since The Merge in 2022 (with milestones Shapella 2023, Dencun 2024, Pectra 2025).
Fusaka's on-schedule launch is XEM as the first demonstration that the Ethereum Foundation — which underwent a major leadership shakeup this year — is fully capable of meeting the accelerated pace of development.
ConsenSys confirmed that from Fusaka onwards, the Ethereum Foundation will adopt a fixed twice-yearly Hard Fork schedule, aiming to increase flexibility and responsiveness to market demands.
Next expansion roadmap
Soon after Fusaka, Ethereum will roll out Blob Parameter Only ( BPO ) versions – configuration upgrades that gradually increase the number of blobs per Block to support the growing demand from layer-2s.
BPO1: target 10 blob/ Block, max 15;
BPO2: target 14 blob/ Block, max 21.
Ethereum is pursuing a path of steady growth, avoiding putting too much pressure on node operators while continuously raising throughput thresholds.
Ahead of Fusaka, the Ethereum ecosystem (including layer-2) has just set a record of 32,950 transactions per second (TPS), surpassing the previous level of 31,000 TPS. Behind this momentum is the explosion of traffic from ZK-Rollup networks like Lighter.
The new record created an urgent need for a horizontally scalable solution that offloads both L1 and L2 – and Fusaka, along with its BPO roadmap, was XEM as the direct answer.
Long-term confidence is reinforced
Recent analysis suggests that the positive sentiment surrounding Fusaka, especially expectations of lower fees, faster processing speeds, and a more seamless UX, is contributing to ETH's bullish momentum.
ETH price recorded a clear recovery in the market immediately after Ethereum completed the Fusaka upgrade. ETH increased by more than 6% in 24 hours, returning to the threshold of 3,100-3,220 USD after a few days of "collapse" to the support zone of 2,750-2,800 USD.
ETH price movement in the last 24 hours, screenshot on CoinGecko at 09:00 AM on 04/12/2025
The rally comes with improved liquidation and more positive market sentiment, as investors appreciate key innovations like PeerDAS and the blob capacity roadmap that could reduce layer-2 costs in the coming period.
Some analysts predict that Fusaka could strengthen ETH ’s mid-term uptrend if layer-2 adoption expands significantly, although the risk of “sell-the-news” or short-term volatility remains as the history of previous upgrades shows that ETH prices do not always react positively immediately.
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