Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Network ( DePIN ) is an innovative network architecture that integrates blockchain technology with physical infrastructure. Through blockchain's token incentive mechanism, it attracts individuals and enterprises to contribute physical resources such as storage space, computing power, and network bandwidth, building a distributed, shared infrastructure network. Its applications are broad, covering multiple fields including distributed storage, wireless networks, and AI computing power support. Unlike the traditional centralized infrastructure construction model, DePIN, with its advantages of low cost and scalability, breaks the monopoly of giants on core physical resources, forming a unique "co-construction and sharing" industrial ecosystem.
The concept of DePIN has gradually taken shape as blockchain technology has penetrated the real economy. Its early development can be traced back to 2013 when Helium began its distributed wireless network project, providing the first viable practical example for the DePIN space by incentivizing users to deploy hotspot devices to build low-power IoT networks. In its early stages (2019-2020), DePIN remained in the conceptual exploration and small-scale validation phase. Projects focused primarily on technical feasibility testing, resulting in a limited number of devices and limited application scenarios, thus failing to gain widespread attention within the cryptocurrency industry.
2021 marked a turning point for the DePIN technology sector. With the increasing demand from the Web3 industry for real-world applications and the synergistic development of AI and IoT technologies, capital began to flow in rapidly. A number of projects focusing on computing power, data acquisition and transmission, wireless communication, and sensor networks emerged, leading to the initial expansion of the sector. From 2024 to 2025, the industry completed a crucial leap from proof-of-concept to revenue-driven growth. Despite market capitalization fluctuations, high-quality projects achieved breakthroughs through sustainable revenue. Regulatory breakthroughs further cleared obstacles for the sector's development, propelling DePIN from a niche technology concept to large-scale industrial applications.
Since its inception, the DePIN cryptocurrency market has experienced significant fluctuations in both its structure and scale. Initially, due to immature technology, unclear business models, and a lack of demand, the market stagnated for a long period. In early 2023-2024, driven by the cryptocurrency market's surge, the total market capitalization rapidly increased again, and the number of projects skyrocketed. However, most projects relied on fundraising rather than actual revenue, exhibiting clear signs of a bubble. In 2025, the market experienced a deep correction, with a significant drop in market capitalization. Simultaneously, projects lacking practical application value were eliminated, while projects with real-world application needs emerged. The market structure gradually shifted from "wild growth" to "high-quality and refined," forming an industry pattern centered on leading projects and characterized by multi-sectoral collaborative development.
(I) Industry Overview
1.1 2025 is the turning point for DePIN, moving from proof of concept to revenue reality.
In 2024-2025, the DePIN industry officially moved beyond the proof-of-concept stage and entered a new era of revenue-driven, scaled development. Despite a dramatic market correction, with total market capitalization falling from $30 billion at the beginning of 2025 to around $12 billion by the end, this "survival of the fittest" volatility actually spurred healthy industry iteration—a number of high-quality projects with sustainable revenue capabilities not only survived but also achieved steady growth. During this period, the number of active projects in the sector increased from 295 to 433, the number of network devices grew from 1.9 million to over 42 million, and the annualized revenue of leading DePIN projects exceeded $57 million, demonstrating the feasibility of commercialization in the sector.
Looking at the distribution of public blockchains where projects are deployed, Ethereum has the largest number of projects, followed closely by Solana, demonstrating strong ecosystem appeal. Polygon and Peaq rank third and fourth, respectively. It's worth noting that Peaq, as an emerging force in the field, has seen its ecosystem expand continuously over the past year, growing into a significant player that cannot be ignored. Meanwhile, the DePIN project within the Solana ecosystem has consistently maintained a leading position in the field, demonstrating core competitiveness far exceeding the industry average in both network coverage and revenue performance.
In terms of capital, the DePIN sector maintained its investment and financing activity in 2025, with over 40 funding rounds throughout the year. Among them, projects such as Wingbits, Beamable, Geodnet, DoubleZero, Sparkchain, GAIA, Hivemapper, 375ai, Daylight, Nubila, Metya, DePINSIM, Space Computer, Gonka, Grass, Fuse network, and DAWN all raised over $5 million. Meanwhile, well-known institutions such as Multicoin Capital, Framework Ventures, a16z Crypto, Borderless Capital, EV3, and JDI Ventures remained active in the sector, demonstrating the capital market's recognition of DePIN's value and injecting ample momentum into the industry's technological iteration and large-scale expansion.
1.2 Inflection Point of Agreement Revenue
In 2025, the DePIN track reached a critical revenue inflection point, with leading protocols showing a clear trend of sustainable revenue growth, driving the track's annualized revenue to over $57 million and completely breaking away from the previous "blood transfusion" development model that relied on financing. Specifically, the leading projects performed exceptionally well: Helium Network's revenue reached $3.33 million in the fourth quarter of 2024, a year-on-year increase of 255%, with an annualized revenue of $13.32 million; Grass showed explosive growth potential, with revenue of $2.75 million in the second quarter of 2025, further climbing to $4.3 million in the third quarter, and projected to soar to $12.8 million in the fourth quarter; Render Network's revenue was $1.7 million in the third quarter, a sequential increase of 144%, with an annualized revenue of $6.8 million.
In addition, Geodnet's revenue in the third quarter was $1.23 million, a year-over-year increase of 216%, with an annualized revenue of $5.28 million; Akash maintained a steady growth pace, with revenue of $860,000 in the third quarter, a quarter-over-quarter increase of 4%, and an annualized revenue of $3.44 million; Hivemapper and Livepeer also performed well in the fourth quarter, with revenues of $138,000 and $134,000 respectively, corresponding to annualized revenues of $552,000 and $536,000, with Livepeer's year-over-year increase reaching 83.6%.
Behind the revenue growth, a diversified driving force is taking shape. On the one hand, the rigid demand for computing power and data from the AI industry has become the core engine, directly driving the rapid growth of revenue for protocols focused on computing power support, such as Grass and Render Network. On the other hand, Helium Mobile's mobile services have achieved explosive user growth, with registered users exceeding 2 million, contributing significantly to the sector's revenue increase. It is worth noting that the energy and mapping sectors are rapidly emerging, with the related DePIN project's technology implementation progressing quickly, potentially becoming the sector's third largest revenue growth engine after "AI infrastructure" and "mobile services."
1.3 Regulatory Breakthrough
In 2025, the DePIN project achieved a breakthrough in the US regulatory arena, laying an important foundation for the industry's compliant development. On April 10, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) dismissed a lawsuit against Helium Network, explicitly ruling that its HNT, MOBILE, and IoT tokens, as well as its connected hotspot devices, did not constitute securities. This ruling not only cleared obstacles for Helium Network's development but also effectively curbed similar lawsuits against the DePIN project, providing a crucial regulatory reference for the entire industry.
On July 7, the Helium team held a special meeting with the SEC's Cryptocurrency Task Force to push regulators to clarify that the issuance, trading, and sale of digital assets and consumer products in the DePIN ecosystem are not subject to federal securities laws. They also submitted a written opinion jointly signed by multiple DePIN institutions to build industry consensus and promote the refinement of regulatory rules.
Further positive developments followed. On September 29 and November 24, the SEC issued no-action letters to DoubleZero's token ($OO) and Fuse Energy's token ($ENERGY), respectively, confirming that they did not fall under the category of securities under certain issuance conditions.
These regulatory developments mark a key shift for the DePIN sector, moving from "regulatory ambiguity" to "clear compliance." By strengthening its utility-driven development model, DePIN has shed the speculative label commonly associated with the cryptocurrency space and achieved positive interactions with regulators. This not only reduces enforcement risks for the industry but will also accelerate the widespread entry of institutional capital, laying a solid compliance foundation for the sector's large-scale development.
1.4 DePIN Hardware
According to DePINScan statistics, the total number of DePIN devices on the network has now exceeded 42 million. Hardware, as the core infrastructure supporting the operation of the industry, directly impacts the stability and expansion efficiency of the DePIN network through its deployment and performance. Focusing on the DePIN hardware mining sub-sector, a comparative analysis of three key indicators—hardware cost, daily revenue, and investment payback period—clearly reveals the differentiated competitive advantages of different project categories.
From the perspective of investment recovery period, hardware mining projects in the sensor and wireless categories stand out, becoming the mainstream advantageous category in this dimension due to their moderate equipment costs and quick returns; while server mining projects show obvious differentiated characteristics, with generally longer investment recovery periods, but low technical barriers and flexible deployment.
From the perspective of the shortest investment payback period, representative projects include:
In terms of the lowest average mining cost (with ease of use as a priority), leading mining projects include:
1.5 Industry Risk Management Tips
In terms of risk management, DePIN projects need to be wary of the uncertainties brought about by changes in founders and adjustments to business models. Taking DIMO as an example, after its founder Andy Chatham left in April 2024, DIMO shifted to a subscription model, requiring users to pay for vehicle data services. While this improved revenue stability, it also increased the risk of user churn, requiring close monitoring of subsequent product iterations.
io.net has also been embroiled in controversy due to team changes and a lack of transparency in the disclosure of fundamental data. For example, there was a crisis of trust in the community regarding the potential shady past of CEO Ahmad Shadid; the centralized recording of GPU numbers was questioned as being exaggerated, and the actual availability and usage were insufficient. Although the project narrative and voice expanded rapidly, the disclosure of real computing power demand, stable customers, and continuous protocol revenue was limited, and the project was highly dependent on token incentives, raising concerns about the sustainability of the network after the subsidy phase-out.
Furthermore, the compliance risks of DePIN cannot be ignored. Take Hivemapper as an example: this project collects map data through in-vehicle cameras, sparking controversy in China regarding illegal mapping. In October 2024, China's Ministry of State Security reported on the illegal mapping activities of a foreign company, and some users were arrested for operating Hivemapper devices, involving cross-border data transfer and national security issues. This serves as a reminder that DePIN projects must strictly comply with regional regulations, especially in data-sensitive areas, to avoid operational disruptions due to compliance blind spots.
(II) JDI's Key Project Layout
Based on our assessment of the current stage of the DePIN technology sector, we believe it has entered a phase of large-scale breakthrough driven by demand and actual revenue. Our standard for evaluating the merits of DePIN protocols is no longer based on data such as "how many hotspots" or "how many tens of thousands of nodes," but rather on "what actual share of traditional infrastructure has been replaced." Over the past two years, we have systematically participated in and promoted nine main tracks with the clearest alternative paths, focusing on this core proposition:
2.1 Mobile Network: Helium Mobile
Helium Mobile is currently the only DePIN project to outperform traditional carriers in real-world paid scenarios. Q3 2025 data shows it has 540,000 paying users, a peak daily active user count of 1.2 million, and a total of 115,000 hotspots (33,700 of which are 5G hotspots). Its average monthly data consumption per user is already higher than comparable traditional carrier plans.
More importantly, there's the offload ratio: in 20 core cities in the US, the Helium network already handles over 60% of community traffic, and in some areas even over 75%. This means that for the first time, a real-world example has emerged where community networks have significantly captured market share in the mobile network growth market.
The traditional operators' moat of the past thirty years—"must build their own base stations and must make huge capital expenditures"—is being eroded by the model of "anyone can deploy hotspots and everyone can make money".
By 2025, Helium Mobile's expansion outside the United States was also accelerating, with pilot cities in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa already showing a higher density of hotspots than the local third-largest operator. The alternative logic in this field has changed from "feasible" to "ongoing."
Meanwhile, Helium is simultaneously building a value loop at the token level. Since October, Helium has initiated regular buybacks, repurchasing approximately $30,000 worth of HNT tokens from the market daily. Over the past five months, nearly 1.5% of the total supply of HNT has been burned, and the current monthly consumption rate is stable at 0.75%. In addition, the Helium team revealed that it is exploring the HNT DAT business, planning to acquire HNT through both the open market and the over-the-counter market, and further enhance the value support of each HNT token by leveraging network-related revenue-generating activities.
2.2 Centimeter-level positioning: GEODNET
GEODNET is currently the world's largest decentralized RTK network, with 21,000 active sites in 2025, covering 145 countries. In Q3, it generated $1.2 million in revenue (up 27.9% quarter-over-quarter) and burned 6 million tokens.
Traditional RTK services often cost between $2,000 and $8,000 per year, while GEODNET has reduced the annual cost of equivalent precision services to less than $100. It has been included in the official selection lists of leading agricultural machinery and surveying manufacturers such as John Deere, DJI, and Topcon.
In major agricultural countries such as India, Brazil, and Indonesia, GEODNET is becoming the default option for centimeter-level positioning of newly added agricultural machinery; in Europe and North America, autonomous driving test fleets have begun to use it as a low-cost redundancy solution.
Centimeter-level positioning is transforming from "specialized equipment" into "public infrastructure." The long-term result of this shift is that an increasingly larger proportion of the billions of dollars in new RTK market generated globally each year will flow directly to community networks, rather than traditional vendors.
2.3 AI Data Acquisition: Grass
Grass builds a verifiable, timestamped public web page dataset using users' idle bandwidth, with 8.5 million MAU in 2025, covering 190 countries and a daily crawling capacity of over 100TB.
Currently, Grass provides 18%-22% of the incremental data from major open-source datasets worldwide, and some top AI labs have listed it as a regular supplementary source for daily training.
More importantly, it redistributes the right to crawl public web pages from Google, Meta, and Amazon to global end users.
In the fourth quarter of 2025, Grass officially launched its native iOS client and real-time search interface, with APY stabilizing at 45%-55%, becoming the most direct way for ordinary people to participate in AI infrastructure.
The redistribution of data collection rights has begun.
2.4 Distributed Energy Resource Network: Fuse Energy
Fuse Energy is a London-based energy technology company dedicated to building a decentralized renewable energy network. Using a DePIN model, the company integrates various distributed energy resources, including solar photovoltaic panels, battery storage systems, electric vehicle charging stations, and smart meters, providing users with energy installation, electricity trading, and retail services. Currently, Fuse Energy operates 18MW of renewable energy assets and has over 300MW of projects under development. The company has over 150,000 paying customers, annualized revenue of $300 million, and holds an energy supplier license, enabling it to directly provide demand response services to the UK power grid.
To incentivize user participation in grid optimization, Fuse Energy has launched a token reward mechanism to encourage users to adjust their electricity demand during periods of abundant green electricity. This model transforms actual grid dispatching needs into verifiable and incentivized on-chain tasks, effectively combining energy behavior with token incentives.
Fuse Energy not only demonstrated the feasibility of distributed energy networks in large-scale operation and commercialization, but also represents a future-oriented energy collaboration paradigm. With its operational assets, continuously growing user base, and robust financial performance, the company validated the enormous potential of decentralized energy systems in enhancing grid resilience, promoting renewable energy consumption, and incentivizing user participation. Its practice also reveals an important direction for DePIN: besides building infrastructure from scratch, DePIN can also achieve efficient coordination of existing facilities through "soft means." DePIN is not just hard technology, but a systems engineering project concerning incentives and collaboration. Fuse Energy's success provides a replicable technological and commercial path for global energy transition.
In the energy sector, Starpower's development is noteworthy, but it also exposes some potential risks in the field. Starpower focuses on building virtual power plants (VPPs), enabling intelligent dispatch of distributed energy resources by connecting devices such as smart plugs, EV chargers, and batteries. In 2025, the project's mainnet officially launched, expanding to thousands of sites and raising $4.5 million (including $2.5 million led by Framework Ventures). However, Starpower's model has also sparked controversy: it reminds us that DePIN is not simply about "playing with plugs"—the real value lies in transforming these devices into tradable energy assets and ensuring dispatch efficiency and carbon credit transparency through blockchain. In reality, however, after the project switched to a subscription model, user churn increased, partly due to device compatibility issues and higher-than-expected maintenance costs, resulting in actual dispatch efficiency falling short of advertised levels.
2.5 Green Energy Data Protocol: Arkreen
As one of the leading green energy data protocols, Arkreen is undergoing a qualitative transformation from "connecting data" to "creating assets." In the past year, Arkreen has achieved several breakthroughs: connecting over 300,000 energy data nodes globally, completing the tokenization and consumption of 140GWh of green energy, generating millions of US dollars in on-chain green asset circulation, and cumulatively burning 45 million AKRE tokens through protocol service fees, thus building a complete closed loop from data connection to asset monetization.
In the future, Arkreen will advance three major pilot projects and launch them intensively in the first quarter of 2026: the Southeast Asia 300KW RWA photovoltaic power station project, which will open up a channel between Web3 funds and physical green assets; the Africa eCandle community shared power station project, which will solve the power supply problem in off-grid areas with on-chain payments; and the Australia "residential photovoltaic + Bitcoin mining" pilot project, which will convert surplus electricity into on-chain hard currency.
Three major milestones in 2025 will lay the foundation for Arkreen's long-term development: strategic investment from Robo.ai, a Nasdaq-listed company in Dubai, to accelerate the exploration of a smart, open machine economy; the appointment of Dr. Lam Ka-lai, former chairman of the board of directors of Hong Kong Cyberport, as a strategic advisor to support the globalization strategy and ESG mainstreaming; and the promotion of Merlin, a core community builder, to co-founder, highlighting the community-based values.
Regarding token value, in addition to continuous deflationary burning, Arkreen is preparing a large-scale incentive program and exploring mechanisms such as RWA revenue sharing and DeFi integration to guide the token's value back to its intrinsic worth. Compared to projects like Daylight and Fuse Energy, Arkreen adopts a global, permissionless approach, building a Web3 energy network through "decoupling the power grid" solutions such as off-grid system construction and surplus power computing.
For the energy DePIN sector, Arkreen believes that the integration of computing power and electricity is a core trend that can solve the global energy imbalance problem. In 2026, Arkreen will focus on its existing strategy, successfully complete three pilot projects and achieve large-scale replication, aiming to realize the direct monetization of energy assets through "trading electricity, generating Bitcoin, and serving AI models," driving the evolution from green certificates to real-world electricity asset monetization. Of course, Arkreen's globalization has not been without its challenges. For example, in some parts of Africa, project delays have been caused by data privacy regulations, resulting in limited actual implementation conversion rates. This reflects the potential constraints that regulatory uncertainties in emerging markets pose to DePIN. We look forward to seeing pioneers like Arkreen pave a more comprehensive and smoother compliance path for DePIN's global expansion.
2.6 Real-time Communication Protocol Layer: Datagram
Datagram provides a decentralized real-time communication platform that can directly support high-bandwidth, low-latency scenarios such as audio and video calls, game battles, and AI inference streams.
By 2025, the number of nodes will reach 150,000+, covering 120 countries, with an average available bandwidth of 80-120Mbps per node. More than 200 enterprises have already completed commercial deployments, and the cost is 60%-80% lower than traditional solutions such as AWS IVS, Agora, and Twilio. Its core replacement logic is to transform real-time communication from a "centralized cloud service" to a "public protocol for idle global networks".
Currently, Datagram accounts for 68% of real-time communication traffic in native Web3 applications and is beginning to penetrate traditional gaming and video conferencing scenarios.
When latency-sensitive applications no longer need to pay a premium to cloud providers for bandwidth, the pricing power of communications infrastructure undergoes a fundamental shift.
2.7 Regional DePIN Operating System: U2U Network
U2U has accomplished something even more fundamental in Southeast Asia: making DePIN subnets a modular product. Any team can now deploy a dedicated wireless, compute, or storage network in a matter of days, whereas it used to take six months to a year.
With a 150% increase in users and a TVL exceeding $150 million by 2025, it has already supported 40+ dedicated resource networks, becoming the actual underlying infrastructure for new DePIN projects in Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
Its emergence has lowered the barrier to entry for "creating a DePIN project" from "requiring a core development team" to "only needing business logic." This is equivalent to bringing the role of the Cosmos SDK down a level, moving from the public blockchain era into the DePIN era.
In terms of traditional financial cooperation, U2U has partnered deeply with SSID (SSI Digital Ventures, the technology arm of SSI Securities, Vietnam's largest financial institution). SSID led a $13.8 million Series A funding round for U2U, and the two companies are jointly developing Vietnam's first crypto exchage, expected to launch in Q1 2026. This exchange will integrate U2U's subnets, support DePIN asset trading, and collaborate with partners such as Tether and AWS, bridging traditional finance with the DePIN ecosystem.
Southeast Asia is becoming one of the regions with the highest density of DePIN projects globally, and U2U is a direct driver of this phenomenon.
2.8 Aviation Data: Wingbits
Wingbits has disrupted a traditionally monopolistic industry with minimal hardware costs: real-time global flight tracking.
By 2025, the company will have 5,000+ sites, process 13.1 billion data points daily, cover 90+ countries, and has signed data cooperation agreements with multiple airlines and regulatory agencies.
The core barriers of traditional players FlightAware and Flightradar24—hardware deployment rights and data credibility—have been completely broken by the community network.
In Q4 2025, Wingbits officially achieved satellite verification through SpaceX Starlink, completely eliminating the risk of data spoofing. The redistribution of market share in flight tracking has gone from "theoretically possible" to "actually happening."
2.9 Spatial Map: ROVR
ROVR builds a decentralized, high-precision map network using onboard LiDAR sensors for autonomous driving and spatial AI. By 2025, its network will have over 5,000 sites, covering North America and Europe, and it has raised $2.6 million in funding (led by Borderless Capital, with participation from GEODNET and others). Q3 revenue reached $800,000, a 45% increase quarter-over-quarter. Through AI-driven 3D data collection, ROVR provides real-time map updates for autonomous driving companies, reducing traditional surveying costs by 30%.
The development of ROVR demonstrates that DePIN can transform vehicles from transportation tools into data collection nodes, but it also faces challenges in data privacy and LiDAR hardware compatibility. ROVR's dataset includes petabytes of 3D point cloud data used to train autonomous driving models and AR/VR applications. It has accumulated over 10 petabytes of high-precision point cloud datasets, and through community contributions, it updates urban roads and environmental changes in real time, supporting map optimization for companies such as Tesla and Waymo.
(III) Our Outlook on DePIN
In the next 3–5 years, DePIN is expected to move from "large-scale deployment" to "multi-domain value release". We believe that its synergistic development with embodied intelligence, AI data acquisition, energy and power, and AI hardware represents a significant opportunity to drive digital collaboration in the physical world.
3.1 DePIN and Embodied Intelligence
The development of embodied intelligence remains limited by insufficient real-world interaction data and high deployment costs. DePIN's incentive and settlement mechanisms have the potential to enable robots to participate in real-world tasks at a lower cost, generating environmental and operational data during execution to feed back into model iterations. As robots gradually enter scenarios such as logistics, inspection, and home automation, a "task-incentive-iteration" closed loop may be formed, enabling autonomous hardware to have continuous operational capabilities. Several networks are already exploring robot data crowdsourcing and distributed collaboration in this area, or offering investment opportunities in early-stage robotics companies through asset tokenization, such as BitRobot, OpenMind, Auki, Robostack, and XMAQUINA. If the technological and regulatory environment allows, embodied intelligence may achieve faster real-world application implementation.
3.2 The Potential of DePIN in AI Data Acquisition
High-quality, real-world data remains scarce. DePIN provides an open incentive mechanism for devices such as cameras, vehicles, edge terminals, and wearable devices to continuously collect real-time data such as maps, videos, and multimodal data, making up for the problems of lagging and insufficient coverage in traditional training data.
In terms of data governance, blockchain possesses trusted traceability and privacy protection capabilities, and has the potential to improve data quality transparency, enabling individuals and device contributors to participate fairly in value distribution. The large-scale aggregation of multi-dimensional, real-time physical data will become a crucial foundation for the evolution of AI model capabilities. Projects such as Sapien, Vader, and Rayvo are exploring this area.
3.3 Opportunities for DePIN in the Energy and Power Sector
The growth in the scale of distributed energy resources makes it possible for household solar PV, energy storage, and charging equipment to become network nodes. The DePIN mechanism can be used to promote the coordinated scheduling of distributed resources and peer-to-peer trading of green electricity, giving users more flexible choices between power generation, energy storage, and electricity consumption. Meanwhile, against the backdrop of rapidly increasing computing power consumption, if energy-side networks and AI-side demands can be coordinated on-chain, there is potential to increase the utilization rate of green energy in digital infrastructure. We see projects such as Fuse Network, Arkreen, Daylight, Glow, and Sourceful Energy actively building in this area.
3.4 AI Hardware's Reverse Advancement of DePIN
As the costs of GPUs, NPUs, and communication modules decrease, the barrier to entry for DePIN is expected to continue to lower, allowing users to contribute computing power, storage, and network capabilities through consumer-grade hardware. The widespread adoption of lightweight AI chips will drive node intelligence, enabling devices to adapt and diagnose themselves, reducing manual maintenance costs. Simultaneously, AI scheduling algorithms can dynamically allocate tasks, improving the utilization of idle resources and gradually evolving "point nodes" into a sustainable network infrastructure.
Furthermore, the booming development of AI smart hardware has increased the diversity of DePIN hardware, making it profitable while also being compatible with richer practicality and playability.
We expect that with the advancement of technology, incentive mechanisms, and governance models, the integration of DePIN with AI, energy, and hardware can reshape the way physical infrastructure collaborates, enabling real-world devices to gradually acquire "self-organizing" capabilities and creating new value creation opportunities for the industry.
As a core participant in the DePIN market and a long-term builder and industry leader in DePIN hardware, JDI will continue to deepen its hardware innovation, committed to enriching the product forms of DePIN hardware and expanding its functional boundaries. In the future, we will not only build a more diversified and large-scale hardware ecosystem for the industry, but also continue to accompany the growth of the DePIN market, promptly sharing our cutting-edge insights and core perspectives with industry partners to jointly promote high-quality development of the industry.
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