Ethereum Mainnet | 1,297 blocks | blocks 24,409,278–24,514,399
Overview
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Blocks analyzed | 1,297 |
| Block range | 24,409,278 – 24,514,399 |
| Total EVM calls | 2,092,522 |
| Total transactions | 255,696 |
| Avg calls/tx | 8.2 |
| Avg calls/block | 1613 |
| Avg txs/block | 197 |
1. EVM Stack Height (items)
Max operand stack depth observed per EVM call (one sample per call).
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Total samples | 2,092,522 |
| Min | 0 |
| p50 | 8 |
| p75 | 16 |
| p90 | 32 |
| p95 | 32 |
| p99 | 32 |
| p99.9 | 64 |
| Max | 651 |
Distribution
0 | 153 (0.0%)1 | 0 (0.0%)2 | ██ 36,066 (1.7%)4 | ████████████████ 265,738 (12.7%)8 | ██████████████████████████████████████████████████ 795,021 (38.0%)16 | ████████████████████████████████████████████████ 763,410 (36.5%)32 | █████████████ 219,094 (10.5%)64 | 13,003 (0.6%)128 | 34 (0.0%)256 | 0 (0.0%)512 | 3 (0.0%)Cumulative Distribution
< 1 | 0.0%< 4 | 1.7%< 8 | ███████ 14.4%< 16 | ██████████████████████████ 52.4%< 32 | ████████████████████████████████████████████ 88.9%< 64 | █████████████████████████████████████████████████ 99.4%< 128 | █████████████████████████████████████████████████ 100.0%2. EVM Memory Size (bytes)
Max memory allocated per EVM call in bytes.
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Total samples | 2,092,522 |
| Min | 0B |
| p50 | 128B |
| p75 | 256B |
| p90 | 512B |
| p95 | 1KiB |
| p99 | 4KiB |
| p99.9 | 16KiB |
| Max | 578.8KiB |
Distribution
0B | 8,786 (0.4%)32B | 4,675 (0.2%)64B | ██████████████ 332,614 (15.9%)128B | ██████████████████████████████████████████████████ 1,168,239 (55.8%)256B | ██████████ 241,638 (11.5%)512B | █████ 132,630 (6.3%)1KiB | █████ 128,496 (6.1%)2KiB | ██ 48,946 (2.3%)4KiB | 17,222 (0.8%)8KiB | 6,135 (0.3%)16KiB | 1,869 (0.1%)32KiB | 411 (0.0%)64KiB | 599 (0.0%)128KiB | 255 (0.0%)256KiB | 4 (0.0%)512KiB | 3 (0.0%)Cumulative Distribution
< 1B | 0.4%< 64B | 0.6%< 128B | ████████ 16.5%< 256B | ████████████████████████████████████ 72.4%< 512B | █████████████████████████████████████████ 83.9%< 1KiB | █████████████████████████████████████████████ 90.3%< 2KiB | ████████████████████████████████████████████████ 96.4%< 4KiB | █████████████████████████████████████████████████ 98.7%< 8KiB | █████████████████████████████████████████████████ 99.6%< 16KiB | █████████████████████████████████████████████████ 99.8%< 32KiB | █████████████████████████████████████████████████ 99.9%< 64KiB | █████████████████████████████████████████████████ 100.0%3. Transaction Call Depth
Max call nesting depth per transaction (one sample per tx).
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Total samples | 255,696 |
| Min | 0 |
| p50 | 1 |
| p75 | 2 |
| p90 | 4 |
| p95 | 4 |
| p99 | 8 |
| p99.9 | 8 |
| Max | 35 |
Distribution
0 | ██████████████████████████████████████████████████ 116,269 (45.5%)1 | ██████████████████████████ 61,369 (24.0%)2 | █████████████████ 40,994 (16.0%)4 | ████████████ 29,283 (11.5%)8 | ███ 7,547 (3.0%)16 | 233 (0.1%)32 | 1 (0.0%)Cumulative Distribution
< 1 | ██████████████████████ 45.5%< 2 | ██████████████████████████████████ 69.5%< 4 | ██████████████████████████████████████████ 85.5%< 8 | ████████████████████████████████████████████████ 97.0%< 16 | █████████████████████████████████████████████████ 99.9%< 32 | █████████████████████████████████████████████████ 100.0%4. Transaction Peak Stack (items)
Peak aggregate stack items across all active call frames during a transaction (one sample per tx).
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Total samples | 255,696 |
| Min | 0 |
| p50 | 16 |
| p75 | 32 |
| p90 | 64 |
| p95 | 128 |
| p99 | 128 |
| p99.9 | 256 |
| Max | 664 |
Distribution
0 | 153 (0.1%)1 | 0 (0.0%)2 | ██ 6,900 (2.7%)4 | ██ 6,704 (2.6%)8 | ██ 7,128 (2.8%)16 | ██████████████████████████████████████████████████ 140,607 (55.0%)32 | ██████████ 30,782 (12.0%)64 | ████████████████ 45,555 (17.8%)128 | █████ 16,426 (6.4%)256 | 1,434 (0.6%)512 | 7 (0.0%)Cumulative Distribution
< 1 | 0.1%< 4 | █ 2.8%< 8 | ██ 5.4%< 16 | ████ 8.2%< 32 | ███████████████████████████████ 63.2%< 64 | █████████████████████████████████████ 75.2%< 128 | ██████████████████████████████████████████████ 93.0%< 256 | █████████████████████████████████████████████████ 99.4%< 512 | █████████████████████████████████████████████████ 100.0%5. Transaction Peak Memory (bytes)
Peak aggregate memory across all active call frames during a transaction (one sample per tx).
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Total samples | 255,696 |
| Min | 0B |
| p50 | 256B |
| p75 | 1KiB |
| p90 | 4KiB |
| p95 | 8KiB |
| p99 | 16KiB |
| p99.9 | 128KiB |
| Max | 584.2KiB |
Distribution
0B | ███ 6,168 (2.4%)32B | 93 (0.0%)64B | ████ 9,477 (3.7%)128B | ██████████████████████████████████████████████████ 95,450 (37.3%)256B | █████████████████████████████ 56,335 (22.0%)512B | █████ 11,236 (4.4%)1KiB | ██████████ 19,891 (7.8%)2KiB | ████████████ 24,416 (9.5%)4KiB | █████████ 18,152 (7.1%)8KiB | ████ 8,852 (3.5%)16KiB | █ 3,602 (1.4%)32KiB | 1,250 (0.5%)64KiB | 392 (0.2%)128KiB | 247 (0.1%)256KiB | 131 (0.1%)512KiB | 4 (0.0%)Cumulative Distribution
< 1B | █ 2.4%< 128B | ███ 6.2%< 256B | █████████████████████ 43.5%< 512B | ████████████████████████████████ 65.5%< 1KiB | ██████████████████████████████████ 69.9%< 2KiB | ██████████████████████████████████████ 77.7%< 4KiB | ███████████████████████████████████████████ 87.2%< 8KiB | ███████████████████████████████████████████████ 94.3%< 16KiB | ████████████████████████████████████████████████ 97.8%< 32KiB | █████████████████████████████████████████████████ 99.2%< 64KiB | █████████████████████████████████████████████████ 99.7%< 128KiB | █████████████████████████████████████████████████ 99.9%< 512KiB | █████████████████████████████████████████████████ 100.0%Key Takeaways
- Stack: 88.9% of EVM calls use < 32 stack items. p99 = 32, max observed = 651 (EVM limit is 1024).
- Memory: 90.3% of EVM calls use < 1 KiB memory. p99 = 4KiB, max observed = 578.8KiB.
- Call depth: 45.5% of transactions make no internal calls. 85.5% stay under depth 4. Max observed = 35.
- Tx peak stack: p50 = 16, p99 = 128, max observed = 664.
- Tx peak memory: p50 = 256B, p99 = 16KiB, max observed = 584.2KiB.
- Calls per tx: median 7.7, min 1.0, max 253.6 across blocks.
Methodology
Data collected by instrumenting Zilkworm’s EVM execution.
Metrics
- Stack height — maximum number of EVM operand stack items observed during a single EVM call. One sample per call.
- Memory size — maximum EVM memory allocated (in bytes) during a single EVM call. One sample per call.
- Call depth — maximum CALL/CREATE nesting depth reached during a transaction. One sample per transaction.
- Tx peak stack — peak aggregate stack items across all active call frames during a transaction. One sample per transaction.
- Tx peak memory — peak aggregate memory (in bytes) across all active call frames during a transaction. One sample per transaction.
HDR Histograms
Values are recorded into HDR (High Dynamic Range) histograms using log2 bucketing. This is a simplified variant of Gil Tene’s HdrHistogram with one bucket per power of two:
- Bucket 0: value = 0
- Bucket i (i > 0): values in [2^(i−1), 2^i)
This gives 21 buckets covering values from 0 to over 1M, with constant relative error: each bucket spans a 2× range.
Percentile Estimation
Percentiles (p50, p75, p90, p95, p99, p99.9) are approximations computed from the histogram bucket counts. For a given percentile p, we find the first bucket whose cumulative count reaches p × N (where N is the total sample count), and report that bucket’s lower bound as the percentile value. This means reported percentiles may underestimate the true value by up to 2× (the width of one bucket). The min and max values are tracked exactly.
