Pure model companies are unlikely to produce ten-bagger stocks again, as commoditization is an inevitable trend. Good ten-bagger stocks all possess strong network effects and monopolies. However, the products of large model companies are converging. The US has Anthropic, OpenAI, Gemini, and Grok, and China has several; globally, about ten companies are rapidly catching up in terms of quality. Demand is indeed exploding, but competition on the supply side is equally fierce. The model itself is becoming a public good.
To use a perhaps imperfect analogy, Ethereum (ETH) had virtually no competitors in 2017; all ICOs ran on it. Now, countless public chains can do the same thing, and even with its narratives of decentralization and security, ETH has lost its absolute appeal. In contrast, giants like Nvidia, Meta, and Google each have absolute monopoly power in their respective markets, exhibiting a winner-take-most structure. Large model companies currently do not show this structural lock-in effect.
Unless a company can build an irreplaceable application layer or data flywheel on top of the model, transforming itself from a model provider into an operating system and gateway for the AI era, it will be unlikely to capture a significant market share. Currently, I think Anthropic is the most likely candidate. Its annualized revenue has surpassed OpenAI, exceeding B2B, and at GTC, Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang mentioned that everyone at Nvidia is using Claude. If Claude truly integrates into enterprise workflows and becomes an operating system-level entry point, network effects could emerge.
Large-scale model valuations are already quite high, but it's still worth watching whether any company is building a moat beyond the model itself. One question I haven't fully grasped is whether the winners of network effects in the AI era are model vendors or application-layer companies that utilize large models. Theoretically, Claude targets the entire white-collar market's TAM (Total Asset Management), with extremely high growth potential. However, in niche sectors like healthcare and law, application-layer companies with industry know-how might leverage richer vertical data using RAG (Rapid Application Model) + smaller models to achieve less illusion and, coupled with stronger sales and distribution channels, gain more market share.
User loyalty is for the product, not the model, unless the model extends its capabilities to become a product itself.