"This Irish tradition within British mercantilist writing may be compared with a rather similar Scots tradition, whose foremost exponent John Law has often been taken as Berkeley's immediate forerunner in the field of monetary theory"

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“英國重商主義著作中的這種愛爾蘭傳統可以與非常相似的蘇格蘭傳統相比較，後者最傑出的代表人物約翰·勞經常被認為是貝克萊在貨幣理論領域的直接先驅。”

美國司法部宣佈，42歲的李達倫（Daren Li）因參與全球加密貨幣投資詐騙案被判處20年監禁。值得注意的是，該判決是……

一起涉案金額約 7400 萬鎂的加密詐騙案的主謀被判處 20 年監禁。

MegaETH官方上線主網，目標是實現 50,000 TPS 和 10 毫秒的區塊時間，從第一天起就部署了 50 多個 dapp。
MegaETH上線主網，目標是 5 萬 TPS 和 1000 萬區塊時間…

MegaETH上線主網，目標是 50,000 TPS 和 10 毫秒的區塊時間。

比特幣昨晚跟隨美股一度漲幅達3.3％達71000美元，不過收盤後出現大量賣壓，暫報70289鎂，以太坊一度突破 […]
〈比特幣跟美股衝71000美元、以太坊上衝下洗「2150美元回落」，Bitmine 順勢抄底8千萬鎂ETH〉這篇文章最早發佈於動區BlockTempo《動區動趨-最具影響力的區塊鏈新聞媒體》。

比特幣跟美股衝71000美元、以太坊上衝下洗「2150美元回落」，Bitmine 順勢抄底8千萬鎂ETH

"It was this perception of the implications of the distinction between a dependent and backward economy and those of England and Holland, where a substantial part of the population were already largely dependent on production for international trade that was the foundation of the Irish tradition in economic writing."

“正是這種對依附型和落後型經濟體與英國和荷蘭經濟體之間區別的認識（在後兩者中，相當一部分人口已經很大程度上依賴於國際貿易的生產），構成了愛爾蘭經濟寫作傳統的基礎。”

"The call to increase the volume of monetary circulation in practice covered two demands which, with the growth of credit arrange ments, were now coming to be understood as distinct phenomena in a way that had not been so readily apparent in the seventeenth century. The first was the shortage of capital for productive activity, particularly for the small artisan and tradesman, and the second was the physical shortage of coin to service transactions and the impact which this had on price levels. That Ireland was short of coin in the 1720s and 1730s seems beyond question. No Irish silver money had been coined since the reign of James I in 1605 and though a small amount of copper halfpence and farthings had been issued in the later seventeenth century, the economy was largely dependent on English money and a wide variety of Continental coins, often of inferior quality. In order to keep such a currency system functioning even reasonably effectively, correct ratios had to be maintained between gold and silver, and between the precious metals and their nominal rating in pounds Irish"
"In arguing for a paper currency to supplement the circulation of gold and silver Berkeley was almost unique amongst the Irish writers of his day"

“增加貨幣流通量的呼籲實際上涵蓋了兩項需求，隨著信貸安排的發展，這兩項需求如今已逐漸被理解為截然不同的現象，而這在十七世紀並不那麼顯而易見。第一項需求是生產活動資金短缺，尤其是小型工匠和商人的資金短缺；第二項需求是用於交易的硬幣數量不足，以及由此對物價水平造成的影響。愛爾蘭在18世紀20年代和30年代硬幣短缺這一點似乎毋庸置疑。自1605年詹姆斯一世統治時期以來，愛爾蘭就沒有鑄造過銀幣。儘管在17世紀後期發行過少量銅製半便士和四分之一便士，但當時的經濟在很大程度上依賴於英國貨幣和各種各樣的歐洲大陸硬幣，而這些硬幣的質量往往較差。為了使這樣的貨幣體系能夠相對有效地運轉，必須維持金銀之間以及貴金屬與其以愛爾蘭鎊計價的名義價值之間的正確比例。”

“在論證紙幣的必要性時……”補充金銀流通的做法，在當時的愛爾蘭作家中幾乎是獨一無二的。

Berkeley's unique American experience that shaped his positive views on paper money

伯克利獨特的美國經歷塑造了他對紙幣的積極看法。

Berkeley's alternative: "a self sustaining prosperity, made possible by a state-issued paper currency backed by land"

伯克利的替代方案是：“通過國家發行的、以土地為後盾的紙幣，實現自我維持的繁榮”。

Berkeley's Recipe for National Wealth:
Print the money. Take care of your people. Develop industry.
The state should regulate the masses and the elites from spazzing out.

伯克利的國民財富秘訣：

印鈔。照顧人民。發展工業。

國家應該監管民眾和精英階層，防止他們胡作非為。

"Here then the theoretical basis of the argument is complete: by creating paper-money the state transforms the needs and wants of individuals into effective demand proportionate to their labour product, which provides the stimulus of credit necessary to marry wants and industry within the closed economy"

“至此，該論證的理論基礎就完整了：國家通過創造紙幣，將個人的需求和慾望轉化為與其勞動產出成比例的有效需求，從而提供必要的信貸刺激，使封閉經濟中的慾望與產業相結合。”

"Berkeley's main emphasis is not on the inert function of the medium of exchange but rather the credit creating role of the circulating medium, the 'ticket entitling to power' of Q. 441. Since coin and paper-money are seen as tokens of the power over goods and services represented by money (Q. 475), the actual material of which the ticket is constituted is not of particular consequence"

“伯克利的主要關注點並非交換媒介的惰性功能，而是流通媒介的信用創造作用，即Q. 441中提到的‘賦予權力的憑證’。由於硬幣和紙幣被視為對貨幣所代表的商品和服務的權力的象徵（Q. 475），因此憑證的實際材質並不特別重要。”

"Berkeley should therefore rightly be considered not so much as one who completely rejected mercantilist theory in its mature form as evolved in Britain in the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries but as an early proponent of the distinction between the economies of

因此，我們應該正確地將貝克萊視為早期提出經濟與經濟區別的倡導者，而不是完全否定十七世紀後期和十八世紀早期在英國發展成熟的重商主義理論的人。

Another interesting source from it
Basically about the development of this mercantilist / protectionist / developmentalist view on economics among the Anglo Irish Protestant elite who were getting uppity but then converging on the emergent Gaelic Irish Catholic intellectual

另一個有趣的來源

主要講述了這種重商主義/保護主義/發展主義經濟觀點在盎格魯-愛爾蘭新教精英階層中的發展歷程。他們起初傲慢自大，但後來逐漸向新興的蓋爾愛爾蘭天主教知識分子靠攏。