edit | Wu Blockchain about blockchain
Abstract: Cycles and narratives have always been the core topics of the global crypto market. In the past, the industry used Bitcoin halving as a reference to perceive cycles and explore major narrative trends. However, after the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, the crypto market is highly coupled with the global financial market trends, and the variables affecting the crypto market trends are increasing.
In the context of soaring chaos values, it is very important to perceive the periodicity more clearly and discover the future narrative trends. As innovative narrative catchers, investment institutions have always been relatively cutting-edge. In view of this, OKX specially planned the "Evolution of Cryptocurrency" column, inviting mainstream crypto investment institutions around the world to systematically output topics such as the periodicity of the current market, the direction of the new round of narratives, and the subdivision of hot tracks, in order to stimulate discussion.
The following is the second issue, which is jointly discussed by OKX Ventures , Multicoin Capital and 1kx around topics such as " DeFi 's Present, Past and Future". We hope that their insights and thoughts on the DeFi track will inspire you.
About OKX Ventures
OKX Ventures is the investment arm of leading crypto asset trading platform and Web3 technology company OKX, with an initial capital commitment of $100 million. OKX Ventures helps build innovative companies and brings global resources and historical experience to blockchain projects.
About Multicoin Capital
Multicoin Capital is a research-driven investment firm focused on investing in cryptocurrencies, tokens, and blockchain companies that are poised to reshape trillion-dollar markets. We manage a hedge fund and multiple venture funds, covering investments in both public and private markets.
About 1kx
1kx is a crypto investment firm focused on ecosystem growth. We are committed to exploring the art and science of network building, focusing on making the ideal decentralized future a reality. We believe that community-driven software will give token networks nearly unlimited potential to impact the global economy and society. At 1kx, we support outstanding founders to launch token networks. Our community engagement is second to none, and as a hands-on advisor on token model creation, design, and iteration, we help the best ideas in the Web3 space find a path to growth and economic sustainability.
1. The past and present of DeFi
1. Looking back at the past, what is the core of DeFi’s ability to drive the growth of the crypto market?
OKX Ventures (Esme Zheng): The rise of DeFi dates back to 2018, when Ethereum founder Vitalik mentioned that finance would be the first pioneer in blockchain applications. Between 2018 and 2020, DeFi protocols were divided into three main directions: decentralized stablecoins, spot trading, and lending.
First, decentralized stablecoins, mainly DAI launched by Maker, have laid the foundation for the DeFi ecosystem as the native currency and transaction medium of the on-chain economy. The emergence of decentralized automatic market maker mechanisms such as Uniswap and Bancor, which introduce non-custodial peer-to-peer transactions, has opened up the industry to use blockchain technology to allow users to retain control of funds while completing transactions without the need for centralized entities or middlemen. The development of DEX has not only opened up new opportunities for cross-border transactions, but also paved the way for new financial instruments such as synthetic assets and stablecoins.
As the demand for DeFi grows, the number of protocols has expanded exponentially, one type provides users with a means to trade tokens, and the other supports lending and staking assets. So far, the three core financial primitives in the traditional financial market have been completed through decentralized means. Although decentralized liquidity pools are widely used in AMMs, and LP tokens have also triggered a chain reaction of DeFi innovation, if there is not enough liquidity, the token exchange function of DEX will be limited, and users will face high slippage costs when trading large amounts. This demand has given rise to a liquidity guidance mechanism, and Yield Farming and liquidity mining have therefore become important means for new protocols to attract capital, driving the outbreak of DeFi Summer.
After 2020, the second layer of DeFi began to rise, and mature financial modules in traditional finance were introduced into the decentralized world, maintaining the similarity of financial principles, but emphasizing concepts such as Code is Law and "trustless" and "permissionless". This stage gave birth to derivative trading platforms such as dYdX , futures contracts and options, and structured finance. In addition, liquid staking protocol represented by Lido have promoted the rapid increase of Ethereum's pledge rate. As the amount of pledges on the chain increases, we further support SSV's DVT technology to bring a more decentralized and secure solution to the node operation level. Then, with the maturity of Layer 2 technology, the launch of a large number of Rollups, and the development of Bitcoin and other ecosystems, the blockchain world is also facing a greater problem of liquidity fragmentation, and the market's demand for secure and scalable cross-chain asset solutions is becoming more urgent. Against this background, we invested in Orbiter and Zeus to promote the development of cross-chain DeFi.
If before 2022, people built various financial building blocks on the barren land of blockchain and established a framework to serve global financial transactions. So from 2022 to now, the biggest change in DeFi is the deepening of its connection with the real world. Traditional asset management companies like BlackRock have begun to get involved in DeFi, launching tokenized asset funds based on Ethereum to bring stable returns on the chain to users. At the same time, there are more discussions about on-chain economic security. Projects such as Eigenlayer and Babylon are committed to solving the security and economic efficiency problems of blockchain. Ecological projects like StakeStone and EtherFi have also emerged one after another, improving the security and transparency of on-chain financial products and providing users with more choices and higher income potential.
The prosperity of DeFi stems from the pursuit of Open Finance, and disintermediation reduces transaction costs. Through smart contracts and blockchain technology, DeFi improves transaction speed and transparency and enhances market liquidity. At the same time, DeFi is of great significance in achieving inclusive finance and allowing more people to participate in and benefit from the financial market.
Multicoin (Kyle Samani): OKX Ventures has already explained it in detail, especially in reviewing the development path of DeFi. Here we mainly talk about several reasons why DeFi has flourished, because in the past few years, it has provided some unique value propositions that CeFi cannot provide:
a. Allows trading, lending, and other operations while maintaining autonomous asset management.
b. Ability to acquire long-tail assets in advance before CeFi exchanges list these assets.
c. Ability to trade NFTs. NFTs have almost no trading volume on CeFi.
1kx (Mikey 0x): The first application scenario that promoted the gradual adoption of DeFi was spot trading. Before 2020, MakerDAO and Uniswap had established the main needs for buying and selling tokens on the chain. Uniswap created a new type of user, the passive market maker. Especially Uniswap V2, in this version, no liquidity provider has a pricing advantage, and everyone provides prices on the same curve. DeFi increases trading volume by serving new coins and profits from regulatory arbitrage.
The second application scenario is the protocol that optimizes returns. In 2020, Yearn Finance ushered in the DeFi farm era, allowing users to earn passive income through token inflation. The inflow of these native tokens came from people wanting to stake them for returns, which drove up prices, attracted more attention, and eventually formed a flywheel effect. The subsequent emergence of DeFi 2.0 further promoted price speculation, promised higher returns, and attracted a lot of liquidity.
The third reason for the rapid rise of DeFi in the past few years is the advancement of on-chain trading mechanisms, especially the emergence of Uniswap V3 and on-chain order books. For example, CowSwap introduced a model that prioritizes user interests. Uniswap V3 is closer to traditional order books, allowing liquidity providers to customize their own price ranges and pool liquidity, thereby achieving better on-chain price execution and enhancing the attractiveness of on-chain trading. Perpetual trading platforms such as dYdX and Hyperliquid have created a more user-friendly interface and experience, and actively promoted the process of full decentralization. Another protocol worth paying attention to is GMX, which pioneered the pooled perpetual contract model, allowing passive liquidity providers to profit from the transaction fees of platform users and counterparty profits. Overall, the development of L2 has driven the increase in the number of users in this field. At present, the average amount of each transaction on Uniswap has dropped from five figures in the early days of DeFi to less than $100 today, which clearly reflects the trend of retail investors pouring into DeFi.
2. What are the main challenges facing the DeFi field?
OKX Ventures (Esme): We believe that the current development of DeFi is facing three main problems:
First of all, the infrastructure still needs to be improved compared to traditional finance. The market and user scale of DeFi are more mature than other tracks in the crypto industry, but the infrastructure is still backward compared to traditional finance. For example, in the payment scenario, the traditional financial system has infrastructure such as bank branches, ATMs and a wide range of financial networks, which can provide people with more convenient services, but Crypto payments still face problems of inconvenience and inefficiency. Therefore, infrastructure that can improve user experience and lower the threshold for first-time users is worthy of attention, such as account abstraction, smart account integration, etc.
The second is the problem of liquidity fragmentation. At this stage, on-chain assets and transaction volumes are scattered in different ecosystems, and the liquidity in the same ecosystem is also concentrated in the pools of different head protocols. This liquidity fragmentation has led to the current problems of increased on-chain transaction costs, slower transaction speeds, and reduced leverage opportunities, which in turn affects the user's trading experience. Although some protocols with high interoperability and composability can amplify liquidity efficiency, given the different standards of different financial protocols (such as risk management) and different security levels, this has invisibly increased the systemic risk of the DeFi ecosystem.
Finally, the protocol governance is inefficient. Currently, the governance of DeFi protocols mainly relies on manual static methods to manage protocol risk parameters. Smart contracts require complex trusted infrastructure to process external data, and a single trusted API is difficult to guarantee data accuracy. Therefore, the challenge facing many protocols is how to separate logic and dependencies from underlying primitives, create a more powerful advanced service market, introduce dynamic governance while minimizing the contract attack surface and effectively unifying liquidity.
Multicoin (Kyle Samani): The DeFi 1.0 era focused on defining and building basic financial primitives, such as spot trading, lending, and cross-chain bridges. These elements have been perfected, laying the foundation for DeFi to develop more complex products. We believe that the next major opportunity for DeFi lies in the derivatives market, such as perpetual contracts and options. The main challenge facing derivatives is performance during market volatility, because the DeFi derivatives system is very complex and has extremely high technical requirements. Currently, DeFi is gradually gaining the ability to reliably support on-chain derivatives transactions. A notable example is Drift, which is natively built on Solana, a high-performance chain specifically designed to host DeFi applications such as perpetual contracts.
1kx (Mikey 0x): In the DeFi market, there are many exciting developments in spot trading, perpetual contracts, lending, policy frameworks, MEV (maximum extractable value) and payments.
The current main trend is vertical integration. Perpetual contract platforms not only launched memecoin launch platforms, but some also created entire chain ecosystems or stablecoins. The core of this practice is to attract users, and DeFi projects that form a sticky ecosystem will have a strong moat. Infrastructure progress has also driven this trend. For example, Fastlane, Sorella, and Semantic are transferring MEV from technically complex participants to upstream entities such as protocols, user exchanges, or liquidity providers.
In terms of core DeFi primitives, the "DeFi 3.0" wave is emerging, with the goal of improving composability and efficiency. Morpho improves the market structure in the lending field by introducing the custodian role, and Euler is about to launch version v2, focusing on meeting diverse needs. Uniswap v4 incorporates more flexibility in liquidity provision and plans to launch long-tail applications such as options, perpetual contracts, and prediction markets.
In our view, the main challenge is to provide a user experience comparable to that of centralized exchanges, especially to attract users to DeFi. The proportion of spot trading volume on decentralized exchanges (DEX) has always been low, especially in the field of perpetual contracts. This challenge is even more daunting because all operations need to interact with the blockchain. Account abstraction (ERC-4337) and smart accounts supported by projects such as Safe* and Rhinestone* are moving towards solving these problems.
2. DeFi "industry" in the new cycle
1. What role will DeFi play next?
OKX Ventures (Esme): Most of the DeFi projects that have survived to this day have performed more robustly. Although there are no speculative short-term narratives and concepts compared to many other fields, the currency price has a stronger correlation with fundamentals, business revenue, etc., and it is more blue-chip. The current cycle is mainly centered around ETH and BTC re-staking and several new L1 and L2, which are competing for a small number of existing users. The current stage of DeFi is dominated by major trends. The protocol is moving from a monolithic structure to smaller, more fine-grained primitives. Developers at this stage will also benefit from a new unique ecosystem.
Back in the DeFi summer of 2020, Ethereum firmly dominated the DeFi space, accounting for over 95% of all network TVL, now down to about 60%. Nearly a third of the total TVL is split between competitor L1 and various L2 networks. We also saw Bitcoin’s share of total TVL rise to nearly 1%. The emergence of token standards Ordinals and Runes introduced DEX on Bitcoin and created new markets for Bitcoin NFTs and memecoins.
Yield has also become the new normal. The two latest DeFi narratives - native yield and re-staking - are very popular. In the first six months of 2024, EigenLayer's TVL soared from $1.3 billion to $20 billion, making EigenLayer the second largest DeFi protocol in the world after Lido. It is undeniable that liquid staking protocols, re-staking, native yield, and RWA tokenization are creating a more active DeFi ecosystem in the current cycle.
Multicoin (Kyle Samani): With each new cycle, a new trend emerges. The last trend was about NFTs, and this cycle’s trend is about memecoins. Almost all memecoin trading activity occurs in the DeFi ecosystem on Solana. And this is not a coincidence. Solana provides fast, low-cost transactions, lowering the barrier for users to get started and trade. In addition, all memecoins are natively launched through on-chain liquidity.
1kx (Mikey 0x): We believe that in terms of crypto native: DeFi will continue to play the role it has always played. Users have access to protocols that allow them to leverage, trade, borrow, and earn yield. Innovation in this space makes it more efficient and cheaper for users to participate in these use cases. In particular, when it comes to memecoins, it is interesting to see that these tokens tend to deploy on V2 rather than V3, perhaps because liquidity management is easier on V2.
On the institutional side: DeFi will help legitimize the space as banks and financial institutions develop more and more use cases. On the real world assets (RWA) side, a lot of progress has been made thanks in part to players like Blackrock and Franklin Templeton. Key crypto-native players include Ondo and Superstate*. As of this writing, the size of US Treasuries tokenized on-chain is approaching $2 billion.
Many teams are building frameworks or entirely new blockchains to comply with existing U.S. Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) laws. Aethos and Sphere are two players worth watching.
2. In the new cycle, in which direction will DeFi innovation iterate?
OKX Ventures (Esme): The first phase of DeFi was driven primarily by artificial financial incentives, but the next phase should be more practical, organic, and simple to validate its viability as a parallel financial system to traditional finance. Among them, key infrastructure required to onboard new users (such as fiat deposits and withdrawals, smart accounts, and account abstraction) must be significantly improved to attract the next wave of millions of Web3 users. Protocols such as Infinex (created by the founder of Synthetix), Gnosis Pay, and others are helping to solve these problems.
In order to improve user experience and promote large-scale adoption, all current DeFi applications (such as transactions, cross-chain, wallets, etc.) can be redesigned around "intention". Intent-based bridges may become the biggest winner. For example, protocols such as Across and Connext are moving from existing relay bridge designs to intent-driven models. In addition, UniswapX is also making some intent-based innovations, and some perpetual protocols have tried an intent-driven approach similar to Symmio, but found it a challenge to attract market makers to participate in order to complete all transactions.
In order to achieve "universal intent", some infrastructures have begun to build intent layers to provide the necessary conditions for DApps to achieve specific intents. In this way, the on-chain user experience will become as smooth as using traditional apps. The process that used to require complex operations between multiple chains (such as opening cross-chain bridges, signing assets across chains, paying cross-chain fees, switching networks to interact with DApps, and paying transaction fees) can now be simplified to one step, that is, users only need to sign once for the transaction they want to complete.
The future of DeFi is bound to be layered, combining more granular and composable financial primitives so that developers can create new protocols, provide powerful financial services to institutions, and improve user experience, thereby removing barriers to retail adoption. For example, the base layer functional logic solved by modular lending and the abstraction layer, aggregation layer, etc. ensure accessibility and user-friendliness respectively. Compared with centralized databases and services, the blockchain itself is very inefficient, but its permissionless access and composability, as well as the ability to choose self-custody or trust service providers, are enough to make up for the costs and troubles faced by our users. If there is a better way to execute these primitives, most top-level protocols and service providers will be able to quickly migrate users to new primitives because higher-level services have been designed to be modular. For example, Uniswap is moving towards a modular AMM and will eventually transform into a local liquidity layer, on which many liquidity and money markets will be built. Uniswap is moving towards Ethereum's Rollup-centric route, seeing Hooks as where innovation happens and keeping the base protocol simple. And v5 may bring Uniswap to the application chain.
Multicoin (Kyle Samani): By far the most important area of design in DeFi is on-chain derivatives. They provide an efficient structure to trade almost any asset. We are focusing much of our energy on this area, especially working closely with our portfolio company Drift, as we believe they currently have the best DeFi derivatives products on the market.
1kx (Mikey 0x): As mentioned earlier, the main trend is for protocols to capture value through vertical integration. It is worth watching how verticalization leads to liquidity fragmentation and the resulting user loss. Although chain abstraction tools and gas abstraction may make it easier for capital to flow between different rollups and ecosystems, protocols gain better discoverability when they become part of an ecosystem. For example, many teams in the Berachain ecosystem were able to successfully raise funds simply because they launched their projects on Berachain. In addition, non-EVM ecosystems also have the opportunity to gain significant market share in the coming year.
3. Iteration of opportunities and corresponding investment logic
OKX Ventures (Esme): In our view, practicality will become the most powerful narrative of DeFi, and DeFi itself is already a trend. We always believe that being the first to enter the market is not the key, and the real long-term winners are often those who first achieve product-market fit.
Currently, the main use cases revolve around re-staking of Ethereum and Bitcoin and AVS secured using re-staking protocols. In addition, new L1s, such as Berachain, are bringing significant economic changes that may give rise to new DeFi primitives that are difficult to achieve on other chains.
We believe that the concept of shared economic security is critical at this stage. Improving network security by optimizing the financial commitment of the PoS chain increases the cost of attack. Projects such as EigenLayer and Babylon are driving development in this direction. EigenLayer releases liquidity in the ecosystem through a re-staking mechanism, while Babylon provides an additional layer of security through checkpoints. These mechanisms not only enhance security, but also reduce the need for AVS extended verification nodes and shorten the unbinding time for stakers. As the economic incentives and technological iterations of operating networks evolve, we will witness the exploration of different solutions for shared economic security.
Economic models and revenue models will also undergo changes. DeFi will gradually shift to a real yield model, rewarding users with actual revenue rather than token incentives. For example, Aave's new token economic model reduces the selling pressure and emission of $AAVE through protocol revenue, and increases value capture through buybacks. Aave also introduced a new security module, Umbrella, to isolate the risks of different assets and improve system security. For DeFi, it is either to hype consensus through Ponzi or to drive the protocol to get rid of its dependence on governance tokens through real yield and achieve sustainable growth. We have the opportunity to witness the professionalization of Farming as a Service, making it easier for ordinary investors to participate and profit, and enhancing the attractiveness and popularity of DeFi.
Technological iterations are solving existing problems. For example, by combining ZK privacy technology, it is possible to ensure that verified users are not on the regulated criminal blacklist while protecting their privacy. The problem of inefficient governance will also be improved through more automated dynamic governance that relies on data and machine learning. In terms of protocol design, the protocol has a vested interest in identifying user behavior and making corresponding adjustments. For example, personalized credit and interest rate adjustments will be achieved through a credit scoring system, and users with good behavior will enjoy lower credit or mortgage rates, improving user engagement and loyalty. At the same time, innovative protocols will dynamically adjust interest rates and collateral requirements, refine risk management, improve security, and manage user risks more effectively.
The future development of DeFi is bound to be an evolution from speculative trading to practical applications. Based on the results of previous iterations, integrating expansion technology solutions, new token paradigms, zero-knowledge proofs and AI technologies, the focus is on creating a more secure and interconnected ecosystem, using the latest infrastructure advances to promote application changes. By addressing past limitations and introducing a more sustainable economic model, it aims to completely change the user experience and accessibility, providing lower fees and intuitive interfaces.
Multicoin (Kyle Samani): The most important opportunity is in on-chain derivatives. We have not yet fully tapped the potential of perpetual derivatives and on-chain options. They have the potential to greatly increase the inclusion of financial markets, bring new asset classes on-chain, and unlock better hedging, leverage, and investment expression. Because of this, we are investing most of our energy in this area and firmly believe that Drift is the DeFi protocol with the best potential to seize this opportunity.
1kx (Mikey 0x): At 1kx, we focus more on long-term growth prospects than short-term gains. From a narrative perspective, real world assets (RWAs) may be the most attractive area. If DeFi is to grow 100x in the next decade, we must rely on the power of institutions. Over time, this value proposition will become clearer: open, transparent, and composable ledgers can significantly reduce intermediary costs.
Another direction is the concept proposed by Hyperliquid, which is "on-chain CEX". Although perpetual contracts are an important part of the exchange business, they have many other sources of income, such as directing customers to their chain through indirect products. Hyperliquid's vision is similar to this. They started with perpetual contracts, gradually expanded to spot token launch platforms, and built an ecosystem around these two products.
In a relatively mature market like DeFi, the key to layout is to find a team with unique advantages in distribution and marketing. Nowadays, it is difficult to drive major changes by core mechanism innovation alone. I think the real breakthrough point may have passed.
As the field expands and more protocols are launched, fundamentals-based layout will become a key theme. New fund managers want to see real cash flow and growth prospects. Currently, the market is pricing in extremely high growth expectations for the DeFi full stack (based on fundamental indicators such as price-to-earnings ratios), which is achievable but may take longer than expected.
Please read OKX Ventures’ Disclaimer:
https://www.okx.com/zh-hans/learn/okx-disclaimer .
Please read Multicoin Capital’s Disclaimer:
https://multicoin.capital/disclosures/
For 1kx’s disclaimer, please refer to:
