Eclipse AttackThe eclipse attack is a relatively simple yet effective foundational attack that allows an attacker to disrupt nodes within a network. As the name suggests, this type of attack renders t...

Eclipse AttackThe eclipse attack is a relatively simple yet effective foundational attack that allows an attacker to disrupt nodes within a network. As the name suggests, this type of attack renders the targeted node in a peer-to-peer network unable to obtain valid information, leading to network outages or paving the way for more complex attacks.At first glance, an eclipse attack may seem similar to a Sybil attack. While both types of attacks aim to influence the network by disrupting nodes, their targets differ. The primary focus of an eclipse attack is a single node, whereas a Sybil attack aims to affect the entire network, specifically targeting the reputation system of the network protocol.In 2015, researchers from Boston University and the Hebrew University discussed this concept in detail in their paper titled &#34;Eclipse Attacks on Bitcoin&#39;s Peer-to-Peer Network,&#34; where they reported the results of their experiments with eclipse attacks and proposed countermeasures.How Eclipse Attacks WorkBitcoin miners require specialized equipment to generate and verify new blocks, while non-mining full nodes can operate with minimal computational power. This means that anyone can run a node on low-cost equipment, which positively contributes to Bitcoin&#39;s decentralization. To stay synchronized with the network, the software maintains a database of transaction processing that is in sync with peer nodes.The number of connections for nodes in the Bitcoin network is limited by bandwidth, so although many devices can operate nodes, the maximum number of connections is capped at 125, preventing ordinary devices from directly interconnecting with other devices.In an eclipse attack, the attacker ensures that all connections of the target node are established through other nodes controlled by the attacker. The attacker initiates a flood attack from their own IP address against the target node, which may cause the victim to connect to the attacker&#39;s IP when the software is restarted. This can be achieved either by forcefully restarting the victim’s node (i.e., conducting a DDoS attack) or simply waiting for the software to restart automatically. Once the victim connects to these malicious nodes, they will be unable to acquire data from the genuine network and will receive erroneous information from the attacker instead.Consequences of Eclipse AttacksIf an attacker is able to consume the resources of network nodes and isolate them from the network, they have the motive to carry out an eclipse attack. Once a node is isolated, the attacker can take advantage of this situation to conduct further continuous attacks.Unconfirmed &#34;Double Spending&#34;If independent nodes accept unconfirmed transactions, a &#34;double spending&#34; risk arises. If a transaction has been broadcast prior to entering the blockchain, the sender could easily initiate a new transaction elsewhere, attempting to spend the same amount again. If the fee for the new transaction is relatively high, miners may prioritize it, believing it to be the first transaction, thereby invalidating the original transaction.Certain merchants and individuals accept these unconfirmed transactions. For example, a dealer named Bob, who sells luxury cars, would likely accept Alice&#39;s order for a premium sports car without any suspicion. Alice creates the transaction and broadcasts it to the network. Bob, seeing that the payment is about to be confirmed, feels satisfied and hands over the car keys to Alice, allowing her to drive away.In reality, however, this transaction was never propagated to the network; Bob merely transmitted the transaction to Alice&#39;s malicious node, which would not forward it to the genuine network. As a result, this transaction is deemed invalid, and Alice can later spend the same amount again on the real network, whether transferring it to herself or to someone else. Even if the initial transaction between Alice and Bob appears on the genuine network later, it cannot be validated since Alice&#39;s account balance has already been consumed.N-Time Confirmations for Double SpendingThe concept of N-time confirmations for double spending is similar to that of unconfirmed double spending, but it requires more preparatory work. Many merchants prefer to wait for a certain number of confirmations before confirming the validity of a payment. To achieve this, attackers must simultaneously execute an eclipse attack on both miner and merchant nodes. If the attacker establishes a transaction with a merchant, they will broadcast the transaction information to miners affected by the eclipse attack. The merchant will see the transaction confirmed within the blockchain network, but since both the miner&#39;s and merchant&#39;s networks are isolated, this blockchain has not actually been acknowledged by the majority of legitimate nodes.The attacker sends messages to the merchant via false blockchain network information, and once the merchant sees that the transaction has been confirmed, they proceed with the delivery of goods. However, when these compromised nodes reconnect to the real network, the genuine blockchain network will view them as invalid, isolating them in the process (similar to a 51% attack).Weakening Competition Among MinersNodes that are subject to eclipse attacks continue to operate normally and are not affected merely by their isolation from the network. Miners will still verify blocks according to protocol, but the blocks that are added will be discarded during processing by genuine network nodes.In theory, a large-scale eclipse attack on most miners could create favorable conditions for a 51% attack. Even so, even the most resource-rich attacker would face exorbitant costs to control a majority of Bitcoin&#39;s hashing power (approximately 80 TH/s); the attacker would need at least more than 40 TH/s of hashing power to attempt such a scheme. Imagine this hashing power is evenly distributed among 10 participants (approximately 8 TH/s each); if the attacker could eclipse 5 of those nodes, they could reduce the total hashing power to 40 TH/s, leaving them with additional hashing power to search for the next new block, as only 20 TH/s would be required to control the nodes.By conducting an eclipse attack on target nodes, the attacker might also implement other destructive actions, including manipulating nodes for illegal mining or exploiting competition among miners to obtain the next block.Mitigating the Impact of Eclipse AttacksIf an attacker gains access to a sufficiently large number of IP addresses, they can launch an eclipse attack against any node. To prevent this from happening, the most straightforward method is to restrict unauthorized access to nodes by permitting outbound connections only to specific nodes (for instance, IPs whitelisted by other nodes in the peer-to-peer network). However, as noted in the research papers, this is not a scalable solution because if all participants implement such measures, new nodes would be unable to join the network.The authors have proposed some adjustments to the Bitcoin protocol, some of which have been incorporated into the Bitcoin program following the release of the white paper. These adjustments include minor code modifications, such as randomly selecting new connections and increasing storage space for addresses, which can effectively raise the costs associated with executing an eclipse attack.ConclusionThe eclipse attack is a type of attack that can be executed on peer-to-peer networks. As a deployable standalone attack technique, it is highly bothersome. The true purpose of this attack is to pave the way for the execution of other attacks that could have greater implications or to provide the attacker with an advantage in mining.Overall, although eclipse attacks have not yet caused severe impacts and some preventative measures have been deployed in blockchain networks, the threat still exists. Similar to other attacks faced by Bitcoin and most cryptocurrencies, the best strategy for defending against eclipse attacks is to ensure that malicious attackers cannot profit from them.Risk WarningWhile the cryptocurrency market offers significant growth potential and innovation opportunities, it also carries a high level of market risk and price volatility. The value of crypto assets can fluctuate dramatically in a short period, potentially leading to substantial financial losses for investors. Additionally, the cryptocurrency market faces multiple risk factors, including technical risks, legal and regulatory uncertainties, cybersecurity threats, and market manipulation. We strongly advise users to conduct thorough research and due diligence before making any investment decisions and to consult professional financial advisors. All investment decisions are made at the user’s own risk. Thank you for your trust and support of Venkate!Building The Future of Crypto ExchangeWhere Meet a Confluence of Inspiration and InnovationVenkate Exchange is an innovative cryptocurrency trading platform, drawing its name and inspiration from Venkateswara—a deity symbolizing wealth and prosperity in Indian mythology.

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What is an Eclipse Attack?

일식 공격
일식 공격은 네트워크 내의 노드를 방해할 수 있는 비교적 간단하면서도 효과적인 기본 공격입니다. 이름에서 암시하듯이, 이 유형의 공격은 <Ren>의 노드를 완전히 차단하거나 통신을 방해합니다.

이클립스 공격이클립스 공격은 네트워크 내 노드를 방해할 수 있는 비교적 간단하면서도 효과적인 기본 공격입니다. 이름에서 알 수 있듯이, 이 유형의 공격은 피어 투 피어 네트워크의 대상 노드가 유효한 정보를 얻지 못하게 하여 네트워크 정지를 초래하거나 더 복잡한 공격의 길을 마련합니다.乍看之下, 이클립스 공격은 시빌 공격과 유사해 보일 수 있습니다. 두 유형의 공격 모두 노드를 방해하여 네트워크에 영향을 미치려 하지만, 그들의 대상은 다릅니다. 이클립스 공격의 주요 초점은 단일 노드이며, 시빌 공격은 네트워크 프로토콜의 평판 시스템을 특별히 대상으로 하여 전체 네트워크에 영향을 미치려 합니다.2015년, 보스턴 대학교와 히브리 대학교의 연구자들은 "비트코인의 피어 투 피어 네트워크에 대한 이클립스 공격"이라는 제목의 논문에서 이 개념을 상세히 논의하며, 이클립스 공격에 대한 실험 결과와 대응 방안을 제안했습니다.이클립스 공격의 작동 방식비트코인 채굴자들은 새로운 블록을 생성하고 검증하기 위해 특수 장비가 필요하지만, 비채굴 전체 노드는 최소한의 계산 능력으로 작동할 수 있습니다. 이는 누구나 저비용 장비로 노드를 실행할 수 있음을 의미하며, 이는 비트코인의 탈중앙화에 긍정적으로 기여합니다. 네트워크와 동기화된 상태를 유지하기 위해 소프트웨어는 피어 노드와 동기화된 트랜잭션 처리 데이터베이스를 유지합니다.비트코인 네트워크의 노드 연결 수는 대역폭에 의해 제한되므로, 많은 장치가 노드를 운영할 수 있지만 최대 연결 수는 125개로 제한되어 일반 장치가 다른 장치와 직접 상호 연결되는 것을 방지합니다.이클립스 공격에서 공격자는 대상 노드의 모든 연결이 공격자가 제어하는 다른 노드를 통해 설정되도록 보장합니다. 공격자는 자신의 IP 주소에서 대상 노드로 플러드 공격을 시작하여 소프트웨어 재시작 시 피해자가 공격자의 IP에 연결되도록 할 수 있습니다. 이는 피해자의 노드를 강제로 재시작(즉, DDoS 공격 수행)하거나 소프트웨어가 자동으로 재시작할 때까지 기다리는 방식으로 달성될 수 있습니다. 피해자가 이러한 악의적인 노드에 연결되면, 진정한 네트워크에서 데이터를 획득할 수 없게 되고 대신 공격자로부터 잘못된 정보를 받게 됩니다.

(이하 생략, 전체 번역은 동일한 방식으로 진행됩니다)

이클립스 공격이란?

실물 트레이딩 카드 시장이 사상 최고치를 기록하면서, 암호화폐 투자자들이 카드에 몰리고 있습니다. Collector 토큰인 Crypt.CARDS은 지난 24시간 동안 286% 상승했으며, 어제 대비 10배 이상 상승했습니다.

토큰화된 포켓몬 카드 플랫폼으로 트레이더들이 몰리면서 CARDS 토큰이 급등했습니다.

억만장자 투자자이자 브리지워터 어소시에이츠의 설립자인 레이 달리오는 미국 경제가 향후 몇 년 안에 "부채로 인한 심장마비"의 위험에 처해 있다고 말했습니다. 그는 이로 인해 금과 신용 가격이 상승할 수 있다고 말했습니다.

억만장자 레이 달리오, 비트코인과 암호화폐 급등 이유 설명

카르다노(Cardano) 가격은 오늘 $0.83에 거래되고 있으며, 지난주 $0.92 영역에서 하락한 후, 좁아지는 구조 안에서 횡보하고 있습니다. 가격 움직임은 대칭 삼각형 안에서 압축되고 있으며, ...